108 МИНУТ, КОТОРЫЕ ПОТРЯСЛИ МИР

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12 апреля в России отмечается День космонавтики. Праздник был учрежден Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 9 апреля 1962 года в честь первого в мире полета человека в космос. Федеральный закон от 13 марта 1995 года № 32-ФЗ «О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России» закрепил этот праздник и отнес его к памятным датам РФ.

Сегодня каждый цивилизованный человек знает: первый орбитальный полет вокруг Земли выполнил советский космонавт Юрий Гагарин на космическом корабле «Восток». Это историческое событие произошло 12 апреля 1961 года и потрясло весь мир. Пуском первого в мире космического пилотируемого корабля руководили Сергей Королев, Анатолий Кириллов и Леонид Воскресенский. Человечество шагнуло в космос!

Полет, ставший прорывом в освоении космического пространства, длился сто восемь минут. Облетев весь земной шар, корабль приземлился благополучно неподалеку от деревни Смеловка (Саратовская область). На высоте 7 километров, согласно программе полета, Юрий Алексеевич катапультировался из кабины корабля, совершив недалеко от спускаемого аппарата мягкую посадку на парашюте.

До полета Юрия Гагарина никто не знал, способен ли человек выдержать испытание космосом. Именно поэтому подготовка пилотов была суровой: их тренировали выдерживать перегрузки, которые, как потом выяснилось, были чрезмерными. Но в 1961 году всё было впервые. Так, в некоторых публикациях того времени (преимущественно зарубежных) отмечалось, что невесомость может вызвать безумие, что перегрузка просто расплющит тело человека. Было и много других страхов от неизвестности.

Первым из людей в эту неизвестность шагнул советский человек, Юрий Гагарин, сказав из кабины корабля: «Поехали!» Сто восемь минут, которые он провел на орбите, открыли новую страницу в истории планеты.

Сотни газет во всех странах перепечатывали фотографию с изображением первого космонавта планеты, который стал символом покорения космоса. В нашей стране сначала было опубликовано сообщение ТАСС, которое затем передал диктор Всесоюзного радио Юрий Левитан, оповестив человечество о первом в истории полете человека в космос.

Ниже мы приводим текст исторического сообщения, опубликованного в газете «Комсомольская правда» № 88 (11028) от 13 апреля 1961 года.

«ПРЫЖОК ВО ВСЕЛЕННУЮ
Сообщение ТАСС

12 апреля 1961 г. в Советском Союзе выведен на орбиту вокруг Земли первый в мире космический корабль-спутник «Восток» с человеком на борту. Пилотом-космонавтом космического корабля-спутника «Восток» является гражданин Союза Советских Социалистических Республик летчик майор ГАГАРИН Юрий Алексеевич.

Старт космической многоступенчатой ракеты прошел успешно, и после набора первой космической скорости и отделения от последней ступени ракеты-носителя корабль-спутник начал свободный полет по орбите вокруг Земли. По предварительным данным, период обращения корабля-спутника вокруг Земли составляет 89,1 минуты; минимальное удаление от поверхности Земли (в перигее) равно 175 километрам, а максимальное расстояние (в апогее) составляет 302 километра; угол наклона плоскости орбиты к экватору 65 градусов 4 минуты. Вес космического корабля-спутника с пилотом-космонавтом составляет 4 725 килограммов, без учета веса конечной ступени ракеты-носителя. С космонавтом товарищем ГАГАРИНЫМ установлена и поддерживается двухсторонняя радиосвязь. Частоты бортовых коротковолновых передатчиков составляют 9,019 мегагерца и 20,006 мегагерца, а в диапазоне ультракоротких волн 143,625 мегагерца. С помощью радиотелеметрической и телевизионной систем производится наблюдение за состоянием космонавта в полете.

Период выведения корабля-спутника «Восток» на орбиту космонавт товарищ ГАГАРИН перенес удовлетворительно и в настоящее время чувствует себя хорошо. Системы, обеспечивающие необходимые жизненные условия в кабине корабля-спутника, функционируют нормально.

Полет корабля-спутника «Восток» с пилотом-космонавтом товарищем ГАГАРИНЫМ на орбите продолжается.

9 ч. 52 м. По полученным данным с борта космического корабля «Восток», в 9 часов 52 минуты по московскому времени пилот-космонавт майор Гагарин, находясь над Южной Америкой, передал: «Полет проходит нормально, чувствую себя хорошо».

10 ч. 15 м. В 10 часов 15 минут по московскому времени пилот-космонавт майор Гагарин, пролетая над Африкой, передал с борта космического корабля «Восток»: «Полет, протекает нормально, состояние невесомости переношу хорошо».

10 ч. 25 м. В 10 часов 25 минут московского времени, после облета земного шара в соответствии с заданной программой, была включена тормозная двигательная установка, и космический корабль-спутник с пилотом-космонавтом майором Гагариным начал снижаться с орбиты для приземления в заданном районе Советского Союза.

После успешного проведения намеченных исследований и выполнения программы полета 12 апреля 1961 года в 10 часов 55 минут московского времени советский корабль «Восток» совершил благополучную посадку в заданном районе Советского Союза.

Летчик-космонавт майор Гагарин сообщил: «Прошу доложить партии и правительству и лично Никите Сергеевичу Хрущеву, что приземление прошло нормально, чувствую себя хорошо, травм и ушибов не имею».

Осуществление полета человека в космическое пространство открывает грандиозные перспективы покорения космоса человечеством».

Первый космонавт, покоривший космические просторы, получил досрочно звание майора и Героя Советского Союза, а день его полета спустя год стал национальным праздником. Инициатором его учреждения выступил второй советский космонавт Герман Титов – дублер Юрия Гагарина.

В космос со временем были отправлены целые орбитальные комплексы. Огромным достижением стали полет первой женщины-космонавта Валентины Терешковой 16 июня в 1963 году и выход Алексея Леонова в безвоздушное пространство на 12 минут 18 марта 1965 года.

В 1968 году День космонавтики получил международный статус – решение по инициативе СССР приняла Генеральная конференция международной авиационной федерации. А в 2011 году праздник вышел на новый международный уровень – Генеральная ассамблея ООН к 50-летию покорения космического пространства провозгласила дату 12 апреля Международным днем полета человека в космос.

В нашей стране у праздника есть свои традиции. В День космонавтики в торжествах участвуют космонавты, инженеры и создатели пилотируемой техники, научные сотрудники и вспомогательный персонал.

В праздничных мероприятиях участвуют также военные, занятые в оборонных и разведывательных космических программах, сотрудники ракетостроительных и авиационных предприятий, преподаватели и студенты вузов, связанных с космосом и аэрокосмической техникой.

Первые лица страны в День космонавтики официально поздравляют работников космической отрасли, вручают премии и награды. Главные праздничные мероприятия проходят в столице.

В этот день в московском планетарии проходят лекции, на которых рассказывают историю покорения космоса и показывают работу Международной космической станции, а в большой обсерватории устраивают экскурсии, где желающие в телескопе могут рассмотреть луну и звезды.

Подытоживая сказанное, хочется привести слова самого Юрия Алексеевича Гагарина. «Не будем завидовать людям будущего. Им, конечно, здорово повезет, для них станет привычным то, о чём мы можем только мечтать. Но и нам тоже выпало большое счастье. Счастье первых шагов в космос. И пусть потомки завидуют нашему счастью».

Юрия Алексеевича Гагарина считают героем всего мира, его встречали повсюду как триумфатора, куда бы он ни приезжал: от пионерского лагеря «Артек» в Крыму до чопорного Букингемского дворца в Лондоне. Первенство Гагарина неоспоримо. По свидетельствам тех, кто помнит день, когда наша страна узнала о первом полете Юрия Гагарина в космос, событие это по всенародному ликованию и всеобщей радости было сопоставимо только с Днем Победы в 1945 году.

(По материалам российских СМИ)

От «Вестей»

По воспоминаниям моего отца, старшего лейтенанта, который в ту пору учился на офицерских курсах повышения квалификации в Ленинграде, народ заполнил проспекты и улицы. На курсах были прекращены занятия. Всех словно несло на крыльях. Люди плакали, смеялись, кричали «Ура!». Их переполняла гордость за свою страну. Из открытых окон доносилось: «Да здравствует!..» Иногда было непонятно, в чей адрес звучат здравицы – Гагарина, страны или коммунистической партии.

После того, как схлынул первый восторг и улицы опустели, грузовые автомобили ездили по местам спонтанных шествий и собирали обувь. Люди, ликуя, не обращали внимания даже на потерю туфель. Победная весна 1961 года была также прекрасна, как и весна 1945 года.

Вячеслав СКАЛАЦКИЙ

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Backstage at the Rockettes' Radio City Christmas Spectacular Sagan Rose : "This is our reindeer costume, which is how we start the show. This is the only costume that we get in our dressing rooms upstairs. All of these bells are hand-applied — everything is so custom, they do an amazing job for us. The leggings have an ombré effect. It's the smallest details that make the biggest difference." Raley Zofko: "It goes all the way down into our custom-designed LaDuca reindeer boot to look like a hoof of the reindeer. But our favorite part of this costume is our antlers. And — surprise surprise, I'm giving away a little story — they light up at the end [of the number], and we control that. We have a button that we press on a specific count, to specific music, on a specific step." Rose, left, and Zofko. pre bonded hairRacked: How much works goes into fitting each costume to each girl? Sagan Rose: "We start rehearsals at the end of September, and we usually have our fittings a couple weeks before that. But the costume shop is working tirelessly all year. They're so good about it, even if it's the littlest thing — they want to make it so custom and nice for us, because we do spend so much time in them and have so many shows. They want to make sure that we're comfortable. I've been doing the show for eight years now, so they keep my costumes for me year after year. But, you know, things change, bodies change. And if I ever come back and need alterations, it's very easy." Raley Zofko: "And stuff happens throughout the season because we're moving. We're athletes in our costumes. If something unravels, they instantly fix it either during the show or after the show. Everybody is just so on it and professional, and it's what makes the show run smoother." Sagan Rose

: "This is my personal favorite. I just feel kinda sassy, like a cliché Rockette. I t's all about the legs — the numbers starts just from our feet to the top of our skirts showing. So that's the focus of this costume. This is pretty close to the original version when they started the 12 Days of Christmas number here, which I want to say was about 10 years ago. It's so pretty with the lights and the colors and everybody in line together. So they really haven't had to change much." Raley Zofko: "The mesh is different because everyone's skin tone is different, so the wardrobe and costume department custom-dye it. And then we have our head pieces that we have to pin on, and then we do a bunch of head turns to make sure that those are bobby-pinned...after our seven and a half-minute minute tap number, we do kicks, which is pretty exhausting. Our show shoes actually have this battery-packed mic that goes in between the heel." Sagan Rose: "So all the taps are live. We get notes that are like, 'Make sure the heel sound on count is clearer, or sharper, or faster, or together.'" Racked: You'll go out in costume a lot for charity and publicity. Where are some of the fun places you go? remy hair extensionsRaley Zofko: "I got to do the New York Presbyterian children's hospitals last year and it was so wonderful to talk to the children that just need some holiday cheer and love. We literally had a dance party with them, so we danced with all of the kids in our costumes and they were looking at us like, 'Oh my gosh!'" Sagan Rose: "I think it's always fun to do the Macy's Day Thanksgiving Parade. That's when I first saw the Rockettes. I'm from Kentucky, and my grandmother brought my family up to New York when I was little and I was like, 'I want to do that one day.' The parade is a fun place to be in costume because it's a tradition to have us there, and you feel like it's a really big honor." Raley Zofko: "I have friends and family that come up just for the parade. I'm from Alabama, and they fly all the way up to sit in the stands to cheer on the Rockettes." Raley Zofko : "'Soldiers' is my favorite number because it's been in the show since its inception. I feel like I am part of history when I put this costume on. W e have the jacket, we have the pants, and we have the two and a half foot-high soldier hat.

Sagan Rose: "Liza Minnelli's father [Vincent] designed this, and he choreographed the number. And we do the same choreography, wear the same costume. It's really cool because you can see that Raley and I are not the same height — she is closer to the center because she's a taller girl, and I am on the very very end of the line. And when we line up we all want to seem that we are the same height, so they custom-make these jackets and pants to your height. My jacket might be a little shorter than hers so that everything matches in line." Raley Zofko: "These pants are foam pants. Because back in the day, when I started the show, they starched-pressed the pants. They stood up on their own — those were very intense." Sagan Rose: "You walk a little straighter, a little stiffer, and it's easier to perform the 'Parade of the Wooden Soldier' routine with the costume like that. And then we have our tap shoes and these round little fabric cheeks that we put on. We go through about 30,000 of those in a Christmas season. Some girls tape them to their cheeks, but I do Vaseline, because my cheeks are sensitive to the tape." Raley Zofko : "We actually get notes if our solider hat isn't straight up and down. What we do is we put their head up against the wall, so that it lines up so and the back of the hat is straight. If someone's hat is too tilted or too back, it could throw off the line completely. We'll get hat notes, like, 'Raley, your hat was a centimeter back!'" Racked: When you're going from a costume like '12 Days of Christmas' that's all about the legs to being completely covered up as a wooden soldier, what does that change in the way that you're dancing or the way that you're presenting yourself? Sagan Rose: "The costume department and the designers take into consideration what movement we're doing in each number. So I don't feel hindered because the movement is fit for this costume, and the costume is fit for the movement. In rehearsals, we rehearse for a month and a half without costumes, and you get used to that. Then you put on the costumes, and it changes the way you dance." Raley Zofko: "Along with what Sagan is saying, I feel like they take into consideration the simplicity of 'Soldiers' or the extravagance of '12 Days.' In 'Soldiers,' it's just about the formations and the history of the number, so they don't need that much movement. And '12 Days' is very in-your-face, and the costume is accordingly descriptive in that fashion." Raley Zofko : "This is the 78-second change that we were talking about. We have our dress and the coats — right here we have green stripes but there's also red stripes as well. There are so many pieces to it, and we have to get out of all of ['Soldiers'] and get to this, and it's just organized chaos." Sagan Rose: "But it's so organized that it's not chaos! Depending on where you are in the line, there's red and green dresses. This jacket has really simple snaps that really get us in and out, because the change is so fast getting into it and it's choreographed getting these off [on stage]. It could be a little stressful if it wasn't so easy. It's kind of fun because, you know, we're human, and there are wardrobe malfunctions. So if someone's having trouble getting out of their coat, because we do get sweaty and things stick to you... Raley Zofko: "We stand next to each other in this number, too. Which is so funny because I'm so tall and you're so..." perruques cheveux naturelsSagan Rose: "Short. You can say it." Raley Zofko: "You're not as tall as I am. We've had the 'take the jacket off!' emergencies where you're praying the girl behind you can hear you and help you remove it." Racked: Is this where these little guys belong, fastened on the jacket? Sagan Rose: "These are the earrings, and they're there for the changes. We put them on the collar just to make it easy. You know where everything is — I know where to reach for my earrings even when I'm not looking. This is my last step of getting dressed." Racked: Is there ever any issue with the heavy makeup? Are you ever getting something on and you just take your face off on your dress? Sagan Rose: "It happens. We're sweating, we're working hard, and it gets hot underneath those lights. So occasionally, there's white fur near our face and we do get makeup on them, but wardrobe can handle something like that in a snap and by the next show it's clean." Sagan Rose : "So we go from glamorous, sparkly, sassy

Rockettes to this." Raley Zofko: "This is such a crowd pleaser, actually. This is one of my favorite numbers to perform, too. We get to go through the audience this year, which is so cool because we're dancing and stepping all jolly and you get to look at an audience member right in the face and say 'So be good, for goodness sake!' And some of them are freaked out, and some of them love it. This costume is awesome." Sagan Rose: "Everyone thinks that this is a real fat suit, like padded fat. But it's not — it's like a harnessed wire inner tube. We fit right in there and there's no padding down here. Everyone is really surprised that we're all jumping with that. It's nice that there is freedom in this, because we are doing such big movements. It's not necessarily pressed up against our bodies, so we can still move and jump around." Raley Zofko: "The thing that I want to point out here is the wig department — because we kind of get a little messy in our number, they curl our hair and fix this after every performance to make our Santa beards look real and authentic." Racked: Tell us about the space we're in right now — there are a lot of costumes in here. Raley Zofko: "This is the nap space, and lots of changes happen back here. The ensembles are back here, the Rockettes are back here — this is the largest space that we have to change." Sagan Rose: "There can be anywhere from ten to forty [costume] people back here." Raley Zofko: "We have about ten costume changes, and that's just as much choreographed backstage as it is on stage." Racked: Are you just throwing things off and leaving them in a pile for people to handle so you can get back out there? Sagan Rose: "We each have a spot that one or two girls will go to, and there's one dresser to about two girls. We have amazing, amazing dressers. As soon as we come off stage, we're running, and we know exactly where we're going, we know who to look for. It's even choreographed how, if we're changing together, I'll do my earrings first and my dress second and my shoes third, and she'll do her shoes first and her dress second and her earrings third." Raley Zofko: "It's as organized as a [quick] costume change can be." perruques cheveuxRaley Zofko: "This was a newly designed costume by Greg Barnes in 2014. There used to be a rag doll dress that was longer and less form-fitting, and this is cinched at the waist and shorter. And we have the cutest red-and-white striped tights. And underneath that, we have our custom-designed bloomers that I absolutely adore." Sagan Rose: "I wish I could purchase them at a store — they're that cute." Raley Zofko: "We have our glasses, and we have our wigs. This is a wire material that fits right on top of your head." Sagan Rose: "And they are actually pretty light on our heads. We keep the wig caps [from 'Dancing Santas'] on for that." Raley Zofko: "And then we have our Mary Jane tap shoes, which are also miked." Sagan Rose: "We charge the '12 Days of Christmas' tap shoes and these tap shoes after each show, just to make sure." Raley Zofko: "It's so much fun to be a rag doll and get to dance and make funny faces at your friend and look at the audience and blow them kisses." Sagan Rose: "A lot of us come up on the pit of the stage so we are literally this close to the audience, and there will be little kids in the front being like 'Oh my gosh!' They don't know what is happening, their minds are blown, so it's fun to play with them." Racked: You two are seasoned pros at eight and nine years. Has anyone in this cast been around for longer?

Raley Zofko: "There are girls that have been doing it for 16 years that are still in the line!" Racked: Do you have a memory of a favorite show that was a little bit out of the ordinary? Raley Zofko: "There's a gold cast and a blue cast, and I just transitioned from the gold cast." Sagan Rose: "The blue cast is all the morning shows. while the gold cast is all the evening shows." Raley Zofko: "But the gold cast hasn't been doing opening night — this year, when I transitioned to the blue cast, I got to do opening night. That was literally spectacular because there is just such an energy on opening night that I've never felt before. I don't really get nervous anymore. I've done it a lot, and the show is very similar in the ways it changes [from year to year]. I focus on the changes so that I know exactly what to not mess up on, or try to not mess up on. But I've never felt that much energy, love, and support. We had the other cast in the theater watching us, too." lace front wigsSagan Rose: "It was the best crowd I've had in eight years. I felt like a rock star." Racked: What has it been like to perform on this huge world stage, and how is it different to perform elsewhere? Sagan Rose: "Well, to me, I feel like Radio City is my second home. I feel so comfortable on stage and I feel like we all have a bond, especially during the holidays, because a lot of us are from different places and don't have families here. I just feel so at home and so at peace on this stage. [But] when we do travel and perform outside, it's always a nice, different energy that you get." Raley Zofko: "It might be a little bit nerve-wracking in a different way, but it's just as exciting. It's just different — you can't really compare Radio City to outside venues because there's that sense of comfortability on this stage." Sagan Rose: "This is one of my favorites to wear — like '12 Days of Christmas,' the legs are highlighted. With this design, they really wanted to emphasize that every snowflake, like every Rockette, is different, but we come together to make a beautiful snowstorm. So there are six designs of this costume in six colors. All of these straps [on the top] are the biggest change."

Raley Zofko: "On my purple costume, I don't have any of these straps in the front at all. And then we have multiple cuffs and ribbons with rhinestones, and everything is covered in Swarovski crystals. Like what Sagan said, every Rockette is different, and every costume is different, and that's what they try to do with this design. And I think it's so gorgeous. On stage, it's beautiful — with the choreography in the mix, we're beautiful snowflakes dancing in a snowstorm." Sagan Rose: "Linda Haberman was the choreographer for this, and she really emphasized that she really wanted to bring our individual personalities to the stage and celebrate that. Because when you think of the Rockettes you think of a big group of women, but we all are different and have different personalities and different ways that we dance. So it's a really nice number to perform." Raley Zofko: "And then on our LaDuca shoes, the color is painted to match our tights, and the heels have Swarovski crystals on them." Sagan Rose: "This heel is different than our other ones, because it's about a half inch higher to continue the line of the leg. It's a leggy costume." cosplay wigsRacked: What advice would you give to Rockette hopefuls? Sagan Rose: "Taking ballet is very important for dancers, because if you have that good technique background, it will show in anything you do." Raley Zofko: "Tap is very important, too. All versions and styles of dance are important for Rockettes because we are proficient in all of it. I would say take as many classes as often as you can and focus on your technique." Sagan Rose: "And any job, especially in the performing arts industry, is so specific in what they need. So one year, they might need a tall girl, or they'll need a shortish girl for my spot. I think it's perseverance — If you have a goal, don't ever take no for an answer." Raley Zofko: "I would finish that off with dream big, and don't ever lose sight of your dreams. I'm from a small town in the very tip of Alabama and there's not very much dance and entertainment and theater down there. So when I first started dancing, I didn't necessarily know what was out there. And it was just once upon a time — Sagan said she saw the Rockettes at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and so did I — and I thought, 'That is glamorous, that is beautiful. They are dancing, and I dance.' And it just became a tiny little dream that grew into a big dream, and now it's my life. It's just so unbelievable that it actually came true."